Instruction: This is one of the voice-over styles that doesn't have that many numbers of voice artists getting into it. Not that it's a hard style to work on, but more because it is not as exciting and challenging as all the others. You would think more people would get into it because it is less challenging, but it's the opposite. Exercise and Inspiration voice overs need voice artists who have a soothing and motivating voice, that either commands the attention of someone or makes people comfortable and interested in what you have to say. Also, you must be a voice artist who is confident when speaking. Did you know that your voice can tell if you are a confident person and if you are knowledgeable about what you are saying

Context: Learning resources on media production, voice acting and audio-visual translation, dubbing, subtitling and transcriprion

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9. Education Voice-Overs
Earlier in this article, I mentioned that we have corporate voice-overs, which are voiceovers that revolve around the corporate world. Education voice-overs, however, are voice-overs that revolve around the education sector. Any recorded educational material that you have ever come across is an educational voice over. These are done by voice artists, who are well-versed in different educational topics, and know how to perform, and relay the information, educationally. You will find them working in educational institutions like schools and universities. Some of them have an artistic side and may even work in the dubbing industry, or any other voice work that needs character.
10. Film Voice-Overs
All movies are not biographies, and from time to time, they usually use voice artists to complete a particular film process. The reason I mention biographies is that I already talked about biography voice over, and my plan is not to confuse you. The film process I'm talking about that uses a lot of voice artist called dubbing. For those of you who don't know what film dubbing is, it is localizing films to fit local standards. In such a process, directors prefer working with voice artists who can act or have a voice and personality that would bring a particular character on a film to life. Depending on what kind of film it is, a voice artist can get a big or smaller role in film voice-overs. One thing I know for sure is that it is a very lucrative career.
There are lots of voice over styles in the world today. These are just the most known voice styles that people engage with most from time to time. If you have been thinking of getting into the voice over industry, this article has definitely given you an insight into the different voice over genres that you can specialize in, depending on the quality of your voice. It's good to note that some of these work in line, while others are exclusive to their industries.
I am very aware that not everyone in the world always feels the need to research further about some different things they come across in life whereas I'm the people who are always hands-on google trying to get different information about everything and anything. This is such a weird way to start off an article but the reason I start the article this way is that I'm a firm believer that a person who is always inquisitive and curious about different things is a person who is truly and widely knowledgeable.
We all know what subtitling is and why it's a film process that is used widely and greatly. We also know how beneficial it is in a lot of different ways that I will mention as we go on in this article. Some people like me don't really appreciate subtitles in films, but most people prefer watching films with subtitles rather than without.
The process that is subtitling usually seems like a complex process, but you would be surprised to know that it is an easy process that has its normal difficulties just like any other film process. It only entails having a translator who is well versed in the rules and regulations of the process that are subtitling and a video editor who usually does the mounting of the subtitles on the screens.
Many people would wonder, is subtitling an art or just a mere film process? Creating films is considered an art and any process that involves putting together different entities that are related to the film is also considered as an art. This maintains that the subtitling process is also considered as an art. Since it's because of a collaborative effort of different artists to make it a reality, it is most definitely an art. If we can refer to the dubbing process and it falls under the same category as subtitling, then by all means so should subtitling.
You may think, how can subtitling or translating a movie be considered as an art? To further expound on this aspect, it is very important to know that there are many challenges faced while doing it. It is an art that helps the movie reach all over the globe. If it wouldn’t have existed, then filmmakers would have no source of inspiration from movies of the other countries and other parts of the world. Translating is not the only goal of making subtitles, there are many other factors. Anything that ends up being an inspiration for something else is always referred to as an art because its impact is not felt through the mouth but by what it entails as a wholesome entity.
Just like any other film process, subtitles have their own benefits and I will do the process a disservice if I don't outline some of its benefits.
Benefits Of The Subtitling Process
One can easily learn a foreign language when watching a film with subtitles. If you are an individual who wants to learn a foreign language, then I would advise you to start out by watching films that have subtitles, it will make things easy for you when you finally enroll in a class to learn. It will make your transition so easy and smooth.When in a silent place like a library and you don't have earphones but feel the need to watch a movie, it is always advisable to go for a film which has subtitles? This will allow you to mute the film and watch the movie while following through the subtitles. Try it sometimes, you will not regret it.Same as point two, if you are in a place where there is a lot of background noise or the audio is distorted and you would love to watch a film then it would be advisable to get a movie that has subtitles. You will not need the sound of the movie to watch it because you can just use the subtitles.If you are trying to watch content that has offensive content and in public, using or enabling the subtitles on your film would be the best thing in such a situation. You will be the only one who will read the content and consume it yourself without offending others in public.
Now that the benefits are out of the way, we can look at the different facts and limitations of the process that is subtitling. Film being an expressive form of art, it is very important to make sure that every viewer can understand it in the simplest way possible and when doing it through subtitles it becomes hard. Making sure that viewers from different countries in the world get the target message really the most important thing.
Facts and limitations of creating subtitles.
1. Expressing the emotion:
There are people who always say that they can only express themselves well through speaking and others through writing. As someone who finds it easy to express my emotions through writing them out, it is good to note that expressing the emotions of an already recorded film into words and still have to follow a specific set of rules and maintain the context is tough and it's one fact that subtitles have had to make peace with and just try their best to do what they can to make sure it makes sense and remains on context. Being able to handpick specific words from a different language, put them together and have them make sense is not something that anyone can do so easily. So the next time you realize a subtitle is off, then give the subtitler breathing space because they really are doing their level best.
2. Language barrier:
With over 25000 spoken languages in the world today, language barrier is as real as it might get. Different words have specific meanings and have meant a specific thing and to pass a particular message and emotion. When you have to translate these words into other languages and have them mean the same thing, it really becomes super complicated. The worst part is when you are dealing with language pairs are not within the same linguistical relations. Translation for subtitling is usually complicated and if you end up working with a translator who is not a native speaker of the target language and has a deep understanding of the original language, you will end up with a lot of translation mistakes. Translation mistakes only mean that the context of your original film will not be upheld. It also gets tougher when you have to consider the cultural beliefs.
3. It has its own screenplay:
When script writing it is known that a lot of film directors usually have a copy of drafts of a film written in the English language or any language that they would want to have the original films subtitled into. This is a very good thing to do because it ends up saving you a lot of money and time, either getting translators who must be well versed in both the original language and the target language. If you have a script in English, it's easy to get a translator who understands English and the target language. In an instance where you do not really need a translator because of the fear of them possibly ruining the artistic aspect, then the drafts also come in handy.
4. Time and Space:
When I say time and space be sure I'm not referring to the time that subtitlers used to create the subtitles but the timing and spacing are in lines with the rules of subtitling. The subtitle should be shown for exactly the same time as the character is talking, or else the audience will get confused about who is talking and who isn't. This only means that the translated words should be the exact number to those being spoken by a character in a scene. Being able to hack this and still have the subtitles remain in the original film is hard, and it has to be done because it's very easy for viewers to notice mistakes in subtitling.
5. Swearing and songs:
These are the hardest words to translate to a different language. Each language has a specific set of curse words specific to them. It is super hard to translate a curse word to another language because it will not have the same meaning as the original curse word. The same thing applies to when translating songs, a word to word translation will end up making the song lose its original context.
It is very important to note all these facts, limitations and benefits of the process that are subtitling. It provides you with a clear understanding of what the process really entails and why it is good or bad for you.
Film translation has been a thing since time immemorial and I can tell you for sure being someone who has been doing it for almost 5 years now, it is not the easiest thing to deal with. Note I am talking about film translation and not normal document translation. The difference between the two is that one is usually super direct from word to word while the other has to follow certain specific factors that if not followed to the maximum might end up messing up the whole film.
A lot of translators, myself included, knowing how challenging and harsh the translation job gets and how much we have to deal with before we can fully translate a film and still end up with the original context and original meaning. Being able to consider cultural and linguistical factors is where it gets hard, but we always have to make it work.
It is very easy for a film to lose its original meaning and context when certain factors are not taken into consideration. When done well, film translation has the potential to attract the attention of critics and film technicians all over the world; but when poorly executed, film translation can make a comedy out of a serious drama. A single mistake or mistranslation might end up distorting the original message that the film was intended for. With that mentioned, we will look at some main aspects that make translation such a hard task and why they do this. I sure have faced some of these challenges, and I believe other translators have too.
Before we get into the challenging aspects of film translation, I will introduce to you the two main processes in film translation so you can have a general understanding of what I am talking about before we get on with the matter at hand.
There are two main known forms of film translation in the world today, and that is Dubbing and Subtitling. These two processes involve localization of films into local languages to expand the audience reach of different film works. The difference between the two is that one specializes in an audio format and the other specializes in a text format.
Dubbing is the film process that deals with translation of the audio into different languages to localize to meet the expectations of a specific target market while subtitling is the film process that deals with creating translated texts at the bottom of a film screen to serve the same purpose as the dubbing process.
Both processes have their challenges and benefits as they are, but in this article, we will look at general aspects that make it hard to work on these processes to perfection. By perfection I mean, being able to work on them and make sure that the finished product mirrors the sentiments and meanings of the original film.
Aspects that make film translation challenging:
1. Slang.
Slang I described as a language that is normally used by people of specific language in normal day-to-day lives, but it's not necessarily the original language of the people. Imagine how hard it might have to translate a certain country's slang into the official language of the country and then imagine how hard it would be to translate it into a different language from another country. It really gives translators a hard time, because then it's them to come up with a slang that holds the same meaning as the original slang or end up doing a direct word to word translation that more times than not ends up messing up the meaning of the film. Also, having to translate the slangs while still taking into consideration the cultural differences between the two languages usually makes things even harder.
2. Nicknames.
How do you even start translating a nickname into another language? Whoever knows the answer to this question, please let me know. I have a nickname and I can't even translate it into my native language because if it's not impossible then doing it will definitely not bear the same meaning it bears in its original form. Also, depending on what the nickname is, it's very important to consider the behavioral and cultural connotations that are involved and how they would be perceived in another language. Different languages perceive different statements differently, and doing a direct translation of a particular name might be offensive in the target language. It's hard but to crack for translators, but we try our best to make things work.
When a film has been well translated, the result should be that the same feelings are evoked in a foreign viewer as are evoked in a local viewer.
3. Profanity.
Ask any film translator and they will tell you for sure how much they don't like films that usually have profane words they have to translate to other languages. It's such a tricky situation for profanity because more times than not what's offensive in one language might not be offensive in another language and that time you expected to evoke the same meaning as the original with your translation. Depending on your language pair as a translator, you must first understand the cultural and linguistic differences and use that knowledge when translating. This doesn't really make the translation easier, but at least it acts as some form of reference. We see this more often in historical films, where a dialect’s used that’s not commonly spoken. So now the translator has a challenge! Their job is to ensure that the same level of offensiveness is maintained as the original phrase or word while remaining as faithful to the original as they can.
4. Gestures.
Have you ever wondered why it is advisable to use Native translators when looking for a translator for your film translation? This is because of the cultural differences of different languages. For gestures, translating them becomes even harder because there are gestures that have different meanings in other languages and the translator needs to have this information prior to beginning on their translation works. Being a native speaker means that you know the gestures in your culture and what they mean, and so it becomes easy for you to handle such situations. In India, for example, a gesture that people in the West refer to as ‘the Indian chinwag’ can become very confusing. It looks like something between a shake and a nod of the head, but in fact, it’s neither. It means ‘okay’ in most parts of India, as in ‘I accept what you’re saying’ or ‘I agree’; but Westerners become confused by this gesture. Using a native translator always comes in handy in such situations because they will know how to manipulate the translation and make it have the same meaning as the original one.
5. Maintaining Nuances and Tone.
Translators must also be able to maintain the nuances and tonal variations of the original film. When learning English I remember my teacher mentioning that tonal variations and how certain statements are pronounced has a way of creating different meanings for them. There specific factors that might make this difficult but translators need to do their best and ensure that the end product is as good as possible. Noting the idioms, expressions, jokes and sarcastic remarks can really be a task but none the fewer translators need to do it and do it to perfection.
6. Untranslatable Words.
I know you are wondering if there are words that cannot be translated. The answer is yes, there are specific words that cannot be translated from one language to another because translating them will end up throwing them off the original meaning. Translators usually have to work around these words to make translations that would best suit the scenes and the text of the scene, which is usually not an easy thing to do. The untranslatable words usually have no true equivalent in another language.
7. Overcoming Cultural Differences.
The process of translation should strive to overcome cultural differences, which is one of the main challenges that translators usually face when translating. Always having to compare and contrast, the cultural difference of the languages they have to work with is normally not a walk in the park. It becomes even harder when the translator is not a Native speaker of a particular language, and so their research has to be thorough. Film directors would want to spark a certain emotion or thought, but cultural differences might not allow that to happen.
These are just some challenging aspects of translation that a lot of translators have to deal with. Being able to work around all these aspects and still maintain the context and meanings of the original film is usually a challenge, even for the most experienced film translator. When a translator gets it right, though, the sky is the limit when commanding their translation fee.
8. Humor is one of the biggest challenges in translation
Explaining humor is the most challenging task for translators because the sense of humor depends on the cultural background of a person. Think about the famous ‘British humor’ and how even other English-speaking populations rarely have a taste for it. Now, imagine how hard it is to overcome language barriers and still be funny.
There’s a direct correlation between humor and languages, even when jokes are visual or musical. That’s because language and history are fundamental to the way we think and relate to the environment and other people.
Sometimes translators can’t transmit the amusing part because there’s no equivalent wordplay in the target language. In other cases, the cultural background of an audience doesn’t allow them to understand the humor.
Understanding jokes and translating them involves in-depth knowledge of the language pair, as well as the target audience. Without knowing how people think and what type of humor they’re used to, translating jokes is impossible.
Sarcasm and exaggeration, for instance, often used to create humor in the U.S. wouldn’t make a Chinese audience laugh. It’s the same with someone making fun of themselves, as this rarely happens in Asian countries.
9. Translating Phrasal Verbs
Phrasal verbs are tough challenges in translation, especially when translating from English into languages that don’t use similar constructions.
Phrasal verbs are composed of a verb and a preposition, or an adverb, or both. This makes it difficult for translators to recognize it at first glance. Most translators are native speakers of the target language, so English is their second language.
The difficulty comes from the fact that the phrasal verb gets an entirely different meaning after you add the preposition or adverb.
Think about “to run” vs “to run away” vs “to run into”. It may be easy for you to notice the difference, but for someone who doesn’t speak English every day, it can be a real challenge to get the right meaning of each of these three verbs.
Moreover, when a phrasal verb has more than one explanation, like “to put down.” In this case, the translator needs context to understand the right meaning and deliver an accurate translation.
10. Prefixes and Suffixes are challenges in Translation
Prefixes and suffixes create variety in English. They also turn nouns into adjectives or verbs into nouns, which can quickly become a translator’s nightmare, especially when the target language isn’t that flexible when it comes to creating new words.
These groups of letters that English speakers often use to provide deeper meanings to words are hard to translate when the other language doesn’t have so many layers to express the same concept.
Most languages use prefixes and suffixes to create new words, but each one has different rules when it comes to preserving meanings and empowering words.
Slang, for example, uses many compound words, as well as suffixes to give new meanings to existing words, making it hard for translators to translate the right message in a different language.
11. Words with no correspondent in the target language
Every language has words that are impossible to translate into some other languages, such as “serendipity” or “procrastination”. When one language has a specific word to describe a situation, finding an alternative expression in another language becomes a challenge in translation.
Asian languages, for example, have many words to describe feelings and sensations that are hard to translate into other languages using a single word.
“Shinrin-yoku” is the Japanese way of expressing the relaxation you get from bathing in the forest (both figuratively or literally). The Chinese “Yuan bei” means a sense of complete accomplishment.
12. Multiple meanings
English and Japanese are probably two of the most complex languages that exist on the planet, and although they are from very different ends of the spectrum in terms of alphabet, spoken language and geography, the two suffer from one very similar problem that can create a real headache for any translator anywhere in the world. Words in each of these languages can often have a double meaning. For example, in English, scales can either mean a part of a fish or a kitchen utensil, where in Japan, simply writing the kanji is not enough, because things can be written one way and said differently. Both of these are common issues in their languages, and each needs an expert at hand at all times to find effective and accurate workarounds.
13. Missing words
Not everything translates. For anyone looking to have documentation translated into a target language, that can be a scary prospect, but it's the straight-up truth. While the majority of languages will have words and phrases for most things, there are always certain words and phrases that are just either totally different or missing entirely from target languages. This causes myriad problems for translators, who have to find a workaround for that German word that just doesn't have an English equivalent. It may not make translation impossible, but it does for certain make it a more challenging prospect, and further shows the need for someone working on any documents to be a highly skilled and experienced prospect indeed.
Filmmakers across the globe use different film processes that promise to take their businesses to the next level. One of these processes is film localization. In this article, we will look at all things film localization. We will look at:
What film localization?The different film localization processes.Limitations of film localization.Some benefits of film localization.
1. What is film localization?
It is very important to note that film localization is a fancier way of saying film translation. Localization as a normal word is making something local. If something is international and you localize it, then you have made it local to make it more applicable in a local set up or relatable to a local audience.
So film localization is making a foreign film more local linguistically and culturally to make it relatable to a local audience through translation. There is no other way to localize a film or anything without using translation.
Translation, in this case, is creating new language scripts from one source language to another target language.
In film translation, there are different categories where translation applies. There is a translation for written materials which usually includes scripts and articles which eventually end up being used in film production. Then there is translation for dubbing and subtitles where audio and video files are translated for film production. The last category is translation for marketing materials, reviews, and synopsis. When translation is done for all these processes, then we term it as localization in the film industry.
When in need of localization services, filmmakers and documentary makers always ensure to work with professional translators whose expertise is incredible? Now that we understand what localization is and what it entails, we will look at the different localization processes in film production.
2. Types of film localization processes.
There are two main film localization processes in film production, and these are dubbing and subtitling. These two processes are not new processes, so it means that since time immemorial filmmakers have been dubbing their films and creating subtitles on them to localize them to meet the needs of their local audiences.
These two processes are now globally used to support marketing agendas for foreign audiences, which create a passive income for film producers. So what is dubbing and what is subtitling you may ask?.
Dubbing is film localization, where the original film audio is translated or localized into another foreign language to make the film relatable to the people of a particular region who speak a different language to the original one. In dubbing, the film's audio track is changed so you will hear the characters "speaking" in a foreign language.
Film localization is not the easiest form of translation. It takes so much work and dedication to translate for film, and filmmakers and translators are very aware of this factor. Translators who work in the dubbing field have to create scripts that are 100% based on the original film script used in the source language, which must also be synchronized with the movements of the character's lips. The translators must also do their translations under the linguistical and cultural factors of the target language to avoid offending the audience of the target language.
Subtitling is also a film localization process where a film is localized by providing translated or localized texts at the bottom of the screen of the whole film to make the film relatable to a specific target audience who speak a different language to that of the original film. Subtitling means that written captions in another language are shown at the bottom of the film, which must be synchronized with the film's dialogue for each scene.
Many people might argue that subtitling is more straightforward when compared to dubbing. It might be, but it's very important to note that translation for dubbing also requires a translator who has an in-depth understanding of the many aspects of the cultures and how different words convey different meanings in different languages.  Just like in dubbing, this is very important for a translator to look at.
It is important to note that, regardless of the fact that both these processes are film dubbing processes, one deals strictly with an audio format while the other deals with a text format.
Have you ever wondered how filmmakers decide which films should be dubbed or subtitled? This always depends on the different countries they localizing films for.
Every country has a different requirement in localizing films. We are all aware that the main localization modes are dubbing and subtitling. Filmmakers look at factors like status of the source and target cultures, the cost expenditure, which is more accepted by the audience and finally the traditional circumstances related to the history of the country or language.
Most films shown internationally come from English-speaking countries such as the United Kingdom or the United States. Since these countries seldom import films, whatever foreign films shown in their theaters use subtitles rather than dubbing. In the United Kingdom, most of the imported films shown are from the United States, therefore film translation is not such an important issue.
As much as this is the reality for most English-speaking countries, there are other countries where dubbing is the mainly used localization process. These are countries that speak Spanish, German, Italian and French. A huge number of films shown in these countries are dubbed. Historically, dubbing has been their preferred method of film translation since the 1930s. While there are dubbing countries, there are subtitling countries, where most of the imported films require subtitles. Countries included in this category are Portugal, Croatia, Slovenia, Greece, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and the Netherlands. There are also countries that require double subtitles, as most of the population speaks two languages, such as Finland and Belgium. Poland and Russia are more used to voice-overs because it is too costly for these markets to have the films dubbed. But despite dubbing being expensive, it is the preferred mode in Hungary, Bulgaria, Slovakia and the Czech Republic.
3. Limitations of Film localization.
Before we look at some benefits of localizing films, we will look at some main limitations that are experienced when localizing films.


Instruction: Translation for localizing films is incredibly the hardest thing. Ensuring that simple conversations satisfy the target language's colloquialisms and terms standard to the industry always proves to be a challenge. Making sure that the linguistical and cultural factors of the target language are taken into consideration is often challenging for translators who are not Native speakers of the target language. Therefore, it is important to get translators who are Native speakers. The limitations of the number of words or characters that must be translated in order for them to be in line with the original film's is also another challenge because different phrases have more words or fewer words when translated to other languages. At the same time, the subtitles must likewise be in synch with sound and picture seen on screen. The texts to be used when dubbing must be of the same length as the original. Which is also difficult to achieve unless you are a fantastic dubbing and subtitling translator

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4. Benefits of film Localization.
There are a couple of benefits that film localization presents to filmmakers and producers and I believe they might be the main reason they feel the need to use these processes more than any other.
Localization helps filmmakers globalize their work. In a time where everyone has an internet connection, it is very easy for them to have access to any content across the globe. If you are a filmmaker who's keen on localizing their films, then you are assured of making it accessible to other people across the world who would enjoy and appreciate it.It makes the films versatile. Unlike filmmakers who prefer producing their films in one particular language, Localization allows their films to provide the aspect of versatility where everyone and anyone can enjoy them without having a feeling of being left out.  Passive income. Localizing your films as a filmmaker will ensure that you make passive income every time people access your film and watch it. This is highly recommended for filmmakers who put their film on public platforms where the audience can access them.
As you have seen, film localization is a process that is very beneficial to the audience and also to the filmmakers. If you ask me, using this process is a win-win situation for both parties. One can either work with dubbing or subtitling. As much as dubbing might be an expensive process, filmmakers have the choice of settling for subtitling.
Have you ever wondered what translators do when faced with hurdles during their translation works? Has it ever occurred to you that translators have strategies they use or use if ever they face any difficulties in their line of work? These are questions that you might not have thought of because you couldn't care less about what the process of translation entails. I am 100% sure there is a person out there who doesn't sleep at night because they are "steadily" thinking about this. In this article, we will look at some techniques that have been availed for translators to use when working with different languages.
Ask any translators what some of these techniques are and they won't know what to tell you, but do they use them? Yes. They use them because their line of work demands, but they might not even know that these techniques have an origin and a name, and that's what we will outline here today.  A client will scout for a translator, find them, make an offer to them and eventually end up giving them some documents to translate, it takes a very well knowledgeable and professional translator to know what to do when they come across difficulties because chances are; the client came to you because they needed your help, and they knew you would help them out. If you end up not knowing how to solve some challenges you face, then you will end up disappointing your client. Therefore, translators need to empower themselves with this knowledge as they grow their craft.
The sole purpose of this article is to educate readers who are interested in translation work and who would love to learn a thing or two about the field of language translation.
A lot of these translation techniques come to play where literal translation is not possible. If a translator is working with languages whose vocabulary and grammar levels are not the same, then some translation techniques really help to come up with translations that are accurate.
Before we go further, I would like to note that translations methods differ from translation techniques. Translation methods usually apply to the whole document, while translation techniques only apply to a specific segment of a document. With that said translation techniques are divided into two main types, and that is direct techniques and oblique techniques. Both categories have subtypes under them.
Understanding these two main categories allows the translators to know where the different sub-types apply and where they would work well if used. It is very important to be keen because using one technique in the place of another might end up creating a really off translation and context when compared to the original documents.
Direct Translation Techniques.
The techniques that are termed as direct translation techniques are usually used when the grammar content on the source language is easily translated to the target language without removing the original context and meaning of the source language. There are three sub-types in this group of techniques and that is Borrowing, Calque and literal translation. We will look at them below.
1. Borrowing.
This is a technique where words are taken directly from one language into another without translating them. Just as the word depicts its technique that borrows from one language to the other. A lot of languages if not all usually borrow a few words from the English language, and the words usually make sense even without translating them. Some of these words are "software" which is a word in technology that is usually borrowed into other many languages. The English language also borrows words like Café and passé from the French languages. It is a very common technique that translators really gravitate towards. Borrowed words are often printed in italics when they are considered being "foreign"".
2. Calque.
A calque translation is also known as a loan translation. You should note that the word calque is a German phrase that has been borrowed from another language and translated literally from word-to-word. This is the translation that is usually done from word-to-word from one language to another and it is very specific to particular fields such as quality assurance which is (assurance qualité in the French language). Depending on what languages you are working, it is important to make sure that when using the calque technique you don't end up using certain words that are not specific to a particular language and their cultures.
3. Literal Translation.
A literal translation is the one translators term as a word-to-word kind of translation. This is a very tricky technique because depending on the sentence structure, and the language pair that you are working with, you can either end up using this technique or the technique not apply at all. Word to word translations work and times and other times they really don't. That is why a translator must be able to know which of these direct translation techniques would come in handy to resolve a challenge they are experiencing. Their statements can be translated literally across different languages, but not all can be translated the same way.
Now that we are done with the direct translation techniques, we will get into the oblique translation techniques.
Oblique Translation Techniques.
These are translation techniques that are employed when the structural or conceptual elements of a particular language cannot be directly translated into another language. Here, that is the source language and target language. If a word cannot be translated to a target language without altering the message or meaning of a statement, then a translator should use oblique translation techniques that best suit their situation. The oblique translation techniques include Transposition, modulation, reformulation or equivalence, adaptation, and compensation.
1. Transposition.
This is the technique in which the parts of speech change their process sequence when translated to a target language. It affects the meaning of the speech but is also not a word to word kind of translation. It can be termed as shifting words to maintain the same meaning as the source language. This is usually common if the language pair is English and French. These two languages cannot have a direct word to word translation and still maintain the original meaning, and that is why transposition is the best translation technique to use. This is because the grammatical structure of the English language differs from that of the French language.
2. Modulation.
This is a technique that ensures that the translation conveys the same meaning in both languages by using phrases that are different but gave the same meaning and provide the same context in a statement. These techniques change the semantics and usually shifts the point of view of the source language. In this technique, the translator can generate a change in the original or intended point of view and thought process while still maintaining the meaning and not introducing a new aspect that might be weird or awkward to the target reader. It can be used within the same language or when paired with other languages.
3. Reformulation or Equivalence.
This is a technique that is mostly used by translators when they come across expressions that cannot really be translated into other languages because translating them directly would alter their original meaning. With this technique, the translator has to express a statement in a different way. It is not an easy process because you must be able to deeply understand both languages, for you to know what to put in place of any expression or an advertisement slogan and translate it to a target language. The process is creative, but not always easy. This is one technique that I can tell you for sure translators don't enjoy engaging with because it is very easy to make things more complicated with this technique.
4. Adaptation.
Just like the name depicts, this is a technique that allows the adaptation of words familiar in different languages that hold the same meaning in another language. When something is specific to one language culture and is expressed in a different way that is familiar or appropriate to another language and culture is what we mean with adaptation. It offers a total shift when it comes to cultural and environmental aspects. If not used with someone who is keen and one who knows what they are doing, this technique can end up not providing the best solution to a challenge.  It involves changing the cultural reference when a situation in the source culture does not exist in the target culture.
5. Compensation.
The same way you understand the meaning of the word compensation is the same way you should be able to understand the compensation technique. This is a technique that is used when something cannot be translated and the lost meaning is translated by compensating it somewhere else in the statement to make it make sense. A lot of language pairs work well with the compensation technique.
All these techniques come in handy for translators in different circumstances. Depending on what challenge you are facing as a translator, you should be able to know which technique will work well to deliver perfectly translated texts.
For those of you who do not understand who a voice-over artist is, this is an audio recording artist who voices narrations for documentaries, Television and Radio shows and advertisements for marketing. They also voice acting for film dubbing and animation programs. If you are looking to be a voice actor or a voice-over artist, you must, first, have a great voice and be able to control its range to fit the different voice narrations you will have to do. In this article, we will look at a beginner's guide for any individual who wants to be a good voice-over artist. This being an industry that is competitive, you will learn how to make yourself stand out by enhancing your skills.
1.  Develop your talent.
Just like in any other job where you are expected to have developed skills or to develop your skills before you get a job opportunity. You must develop your talent and know-how to control your voice from one character to another and still be natural and real. So you might ask, "How do I develop my skills?” You should start by practicing to read things out loud. Have you ever wondered why it is super easy to read a paragraph silently than it is to read it out loud? Well, this is because regardless of whether or not you make a mistake when reading in silence, no one else has to know and you are content with that. When reading out loud and everyone is listening to you, you feel the need to make it perfect, and that is how you gain your confidence. A lot of practice eventually makes perfect. Reading out loud will come in handy when you have to do voice-overs where you read from a teleprompter. Spend a minimum of 30 minutes a day reading out loud. Practice enunciating words and work on your intonation. Challenge the range that your voice is comfortable with when reading out loud, be soft, be aggressive try everything you can because with voice acting you might never know which emotion they will expect you to work with. Practice using different topics. Be it entertainment, law or medical material, do your best to be all rounded.
2. Record your voice.
Another important thing you should do to improve your skills as a beginner voice artist is to make sure you record your voice every single time you read out loud. Reading out loud is good as it is, but unless you have a coach who can listen to you and make an analysis of how you are doing, then it is very important to always record yourself when you read out loud. In a day and age where everyone has a smartphone that has a voice recorder, this shouldn’t be a hassle for you because you can use it to record yourself and follow through with your progress as you grow to be better. While recording plays with your voice and try out different tonal variations, then listen to yourself and note which one works well for your voice and which one you should improve on. Many people always get surprised when their recorded voices sound different from their normal voice, which they are used to. The recorded voice sounds different compared to a normal speaking voice. I promise you this step will make you aware of a lot of things you did not understand regarding your voice. Note these different things and get used to your recorded voice so you can express yourself over a microphone.
3. Use your diaphragm.
This point will confuse you because most times these are things that people who are doing music get taught. You hear people say you should sing from your lungs and not your stomach in order for one to hold a high note. The same things happen for voice-over artists. It is very clear by now that voice actors and voice artists work only with their voices, and it is very important to voice practice from time to time and know everything that deals with it. When speaking, human beings have different voices. There are nasal mouth, chest and diaphragm voices. When doing voice over, will use your diaphragm voice.  A nasal voice sounds unpleasant and whiny, a mouth voice sounds silent, a chest voice sounds pleasant, but a diaphragm voice is the most powerful and has the best sound. In order for you to master the diaphragm voice, practice breathing deeply and watching your stomach rise and fall. Make sounds that come from the diaphragm, such as laughing or yawning. The minute you master how to do the diaphragm voice, you are good to go and the only thing you must do is maintain it and know when to use and make it work for you.
4. Practice vocal exercises.
If you have not yet noticed, since everything deals with how your voice is and the range it’s at, you must do vocal exercises that will ensure that the quality of your voice keeps growing and getting better. These exercises will help you control and perfect the quality of your voice, and most of them revolve around breathing so that at least you can master your diaphragm voice. You could lie on the floor and deeply inhale and exhale, making a “shh” sound while exhaling. You might be surprised by how good your voice sounds when you sit up straight with your shoulders. You can also practice your articulation by reading tongue twisters and idiomatic expressions.
5. Imitate the voices of famous actors or fictional characters.
They say imitation is the greatest form of flattery, but when starting out as a voice artist, you wouldn’t want to be known as that artist who sounds like another famous artist. It is important to develop your voice and be known for exactly that, no need of sounding like another voice artist. With that being said, it doesn’t mean that you cannot practice being a good voice artist by imitating famous actors or animation characters. This gives your voice a wide range unlike when you practice by using your voice all the time. Learning to imitate a sound can help you build flexibility, recognize pitch and tone, and give you good material to include on your demo reel. You don’t have to be an impressionist to be a voice artist, but it is helpful to change the sound of your voice.
6. Improvise in character.
Improvising always works for benefit of anything that is being improvised. In voice acting, be a voice actor who can easily improvise when it comes to characters and what is expected of them in a film or a voice narration. From time to time, the directors you work with would expect you to improvise on your characters, and you must be ready when this is expected of you. This skill will allow you to truly embody a character and think as they do. After you’ve gotten into character, try coming up with a funny story on the spot as that character. If you need help, have a friend ask you questions and respond based on what you think the character would say.
7. Take acting classes or find an acting coach.
Most times, people don’t see this as something that they should do, but I’m here to tell you how important it is. To be good in any form of art, you must be able to learn, and get coached. Even if it is an inborn talent, to perfect it, you must get lessons from professionals who will help you unlock the other stage of your talent. So as a voice artist you should get acting lessons or find a coach to coach you on your acting skills. Though voice actors don’t appear on the screen, to pass a particular emotion using your voice is not as easy as it sounds and if you are not good enough, your audience can denote that. Invest in voice acting classes and you will be a step ahead of anyone who doesn’t.
8. Take voice lessons.
From time to time take voice lessons from voice coaches. This will make sure that your voice is always “up to date”. This will also act as voice practice for you. This will also help you expand your vocal range. The plan is to be as good as you can and getting a voice coach will take you to the next level.
All these steps will ensure that you become the best voice artist out there. Imagine if you put yourself out there and be consistent with wanting to improve your skills and you go audition with someone who doesn’t care to do all these different things to make their skills better, you surely will have an edge in getting that opportunity.
The main objective of recording in the dubbing process is to transfer the voice of an individual to mimic the voice of an original film or dialogue to a decided language. It is audio acting in a studio. The recording should capture all emotions and acting skills of the original actor to make it real.


Instruction: Where Should A Dub Recording Be Done

Response:
A recording should be done in a soundproof studio, with a control room and a booth. This environment should be well padded to ensure it does not capture the surrounding noise.
The Recording Dub Studio
This is an essential thing in dubbing. The recording studio should be well-padded and neat and clean. This is to ensure the comfort-ability of both the actor and the technician.
The setup
The booth must have a good microphone. Preferable the condenser mic is the best for recording.The control room should have well-aligned monitors and computers, PC or mac can work. The recording machine and the display machine plus the script machine.Good listening monitor speakers are very important for you to be able to capture the best sound while recording. This will help you know and hear when you have a bad or a good recording.
Factors To Consider When Recording Dub
1. LIP SYNC
What is lip sync? This is the lip match of the original actor and the dubbing actor. While recording dub this is the key thing to consider ensuring the lips match. This is a very interesting thing since lip sync is the main aspect of dubbing and so it should be put into consideration always. This makes the dub to be real and so moving to watch and enjoy.  This factor is achievable by getting the best translation and proper adaptation. To achieve lip sync addition of lib and subtraction of lib is allowed as long as the meaning of the film is maintained. While recording dub the actor is allowed to change the translation and use words that mean the same as the translated words as long as the lip sync and the meaning is achieved.
2. MICROPHONE PLACEMENT
This is a very important thing to consider when recording a dub. Microphone placement is one of the most technical things to consider. Proper microphone placement will give you clear and clean audios. Dub recording needs clean audio. And this is achieved by proper mic placement and use the best mic for recording. Condenser microphones are the best as they have less compression in them.
3. CHARACTER ALLOCATION
Character allocation is an essential thing in recording dub. Since this is mimicking the original audio similar characteristic are important to put into consideration when recording a dub. This is to ensure a little boy does not mimic an old man? That is really making no sense and will make you dub look like a joke. Fit the character by age, vocals, and gender to match their vocals. Proper character allocation will give you the best dub recorded and an interesting end product.
4. LANGUAGE
Maintain the language intended while recording, work with the translated scripts. To language less known use a director. This will ensure the intended meaning is not interfered with. Capture everything on the script and the video as well.
5. LOUDNESS LEVELS
Loudness is a key factor when recording or dubbing. Ensure your levels meet your client's demand. And if there are no specifications from the client, ensure all your levels while recording are not below -10 dbs and not beyond – 6 dbs for the loudest. This is to ensure that your levels are not too low to collect a lot of vacuum when editing and adding gain during mixing. For the loud ones may be distorted and hence sound mauled losing the feel of the whole character and the test of the dub too.
6. RECORDING SESSION
This is where all recording is done. Depending on the software in use. Always ensure your session is well organized. Every character recorded on their on individual tracks. This is very essential during editing and mixing your dub. It will give you a better feel when equalizing and adding effects.
Importance Of Recording In Dubbing
This is the key thing in dubbing. No dubbing without recording. It has main importance,
It helps the visually impaired to still enjoy the film even thou they can not see.  Pronunciation and accentuation. It plays a big role to help one learn the pronunciation accentuation of various words. For one learning the language, it helps in how to pronounce the words.  It makes the dub enjoyable. Listening to spoken words creates a lot of emotions and feel compared to just reading the dub.
Challenges Faced During Recording Dub
I believe everything in human nature and human invention has its importance and challenges too. In as much as this is a good thing to dub and easy but it has its challenges as well:
1. Language barrier
Language barrier is a challenge, especially when recording a dub in a language not well known to you. This is because as a technician recording you also a director too and so you need to help direct too. This may be more difficult when the director is absent and the cast recording is less conversant with the whole dubbing thing.
2. Synch
This is the essential thing in dubbing. When no synch is observed that may not be a dub any more. This is very challenging to observe especially where the languages have no relation. Lip-synching is just not about the recorded words being long or short. The choice of words in lip-synching is the most challenging thing. Most dub less observes this but to record, a good dub chose words well to fit. It is difficult where some words have no other words with the same meaning.
3. Time Codes
During recording, you need to capture every event in the original film. Time codes are very useful but when they are a bit not in good order can be so challenging to record as you may be forced record watching the whole film. This is very time consuming and frustrating to the technician especially where there are timelines to be observed.


Instruction: What Is An Independent Film

Response:
An independent film, independent movie, indie movie is a feature film or short film that is produced outside the major film studio system, besides being produced and distributed by independent entertainment companies.
They make most of the productions in Hollywood, a multi-million dollar business; and anyone who produces a film outside this exclusive factory has to call itself  “independent” to be distinguished from the suit; however, as long as a film is screened in commercial theaters, or aired on pay or network TV, “independent” is a relative term.
Distinctive Features Unique To independent Filmmakers And Indie Films
Being unknown: No one has seen your work. Why do they want to give you the time of day when they can be entertained instead by a known quantity? How do you even tell people about your movie, if it’s ranked low in online movie listings because of poor sales?No big names: Similarly, indie filmmakers rarely can rope in known actors. Such actors come with their own following, which indie filmmakers don’t have access to.Lack of quality: Indie filmmakers can’t reach the same level of production value you see from the big studios. It’s likely that your trailer just doesn’t look as impressive.The reputation of indie/student films: So many filmmakers don’t care about the story, acting, audio, camera noise, or even focus, etc., etc., or they have a lot to learn. They give the ones trying to make something great a terrible reputation. It could be just a lack of experience. They’ll get there, but meanwhile, it scares the audience away from other indie filmmakers.The elevator pitch: Many indie filmmakers really can’t describe their movie quickly and persuasively when given the opportunity. I’m guilty of this and trying to get better. You’d think after I’ve spent months upon months planning every detail of film production, I’d be able to quickly articulate “Why should you watch my movie?” Nope.Budget: Big studios have not only a marketing budget but a budget for connected producers who know how to find great marketers. Indie filmmakers have to rely on free social media efforts and what they can afford.Lack of experience: Indie filmmakers don’t know what the audience wants, because they lack the experience in showing their work to the audience. They have to learn, and they can’t lean on the collective experience of a big studio. Indie filmmakers also don’t have as much experience with the whole business side of filmmaking. It’s hard enough to learn how to make a decent movie.Following their passion: Big studios are much more inclined to play it safe, going with film concepts they are reasonably sure will earn a profit. Indie filmmakers are more likely to follow their passion, making films they want to see, rather than what their audience wants to see.Controversial/taboo subject: Along the same lines, many films push boundaries. An interesting title, like my latest film in production, Toddler Tartare, is a double-edged sword. While it attracts the interest of many who are fans of dark comedy and horror, several people have loosened their collars and laughed nervously in response. This includes a grant administrator (I won the grant), a location manager (I secured the location), and an actress (who is in the film). Each of them I had to convince about the sincerity of my vision and my commitment to producing a quality film rather than a cheap laugh.Competition in film festivals: Even if your film is wonderful, ten out of ten film festivals may reject your film. You are much more likely to get into smaller film festivals, but you’ll often get 20–30 people at most to see your film. Those ten film festivals likely cost a few hundred dollars to submit to. Almost always, you won’t get any feedback along with the rejections about what was wrong with your film.Frequency of productions: Big studios can afford to make films more frequently. An indie filmmaker can plan and shoot a couple of quality 10-minute shorts a year, or a feature every couple of years. It’s likely you’ve never heard of “Sneaky Ghost Films”, but if I could churn out a magnificent film every month, maybe you would have.Creative Control: In Hollywood, everybody has a specific role to accomplish, and there is a budget for that, but in the independent filmmaking industry is common to have limited resources. A low budget makes people assume multiple roles in order for a film to be produced at the lowest cost possible, as one director known as Benjamin Dickinson said: The biggest challenge that I had making the film was just that I was wearing too many hats. This de-emphasizes specialization means individuals are less likely to develop the specialized skills that Hollywood and large film agencies demand. Ultimately, it is a hit or a miss, depending on the director’s ability to wear multiple hats.Inadequate Money and Financing: Most independent producers will agree that the most difficult task is raising money to pay for production. Raising money is the key to any independent film, regardless of the position, experience, and past credits of the people involved. To choose the method that will fit better with the production is important to consider factors such as the type and subject of the film and the experience behind the cast and crew involved in the project. It is common to use crowdfunding platforms to raise money or to secure increasingly elusive government grants for short films. In fact, “the most beneficial situation for the filmmaker would be to receive 100% of the film costs from an equity sale for substantially less than 100% of the income” in a range of 25-50% according to “The Independent Filmmaker’s Law and Business Guide: Financing, Shooting, and Distributing Independent and Digital Films”. Even though filmmaking should be commercially viable with no public funding, it is important to remember that people or organizations invest in the films to make profits out of them; therefore, film budgets need to stand the scrutiny of investors seeking cost-effective production, and a reasonable rate of return.
Challenges facing filmmakers, and the effective strategic approach to take for success.
1. The digital revolution has flooded the marketplace
Statistic: Cheaper digital production methods have helped create more product than buyers.
Approach: Make certain your movie is genre-specific. Genre is the only way that a film buyer and the marketing manager of a distribution company can quickly visualize the movie poster, trailer, and marketing campaign. Never forget that distributors buy genre, not drama.
2. Online distribution is becoming commonplace
Statistic: By research, On Valentine’s Day 2005 the co-founders of YouTube.com registered the name at www.whois.com. YouTube revolutionized film distribution and has changed the way consumers watch movies and television. The impact of illegal online distribution has also had the same impact on the film industry as it has the music industry.
Approach: Develop a hybrid distribution strategy that encompasses traditional cinema/DVD/television releases with online distribution.
3. Hollywood is bankrupt of ideas
Nowadays it is more frequent to see developments and remakes of stories we loved instead of new stories to enjoy.  It seems like the industry has reached a point of fatigue in which lack of ideas is the common denominator, resulting in low expectations among audiences; it is mandatory for independent film studios to focus their efforts on unique storytelling, these new ideas will stand out more than they have in the past.
Statistic: The gaming industry has influenced storytelling techniques and filmmaking techniques. These new storytelling techniques dominate.
Approach: Successful filmmakers are most likely artists who consider themselves visual storytellers using moving images to tell their stories. Incorporation of gaming techniques both in terms of storytelling and visualization will make movies stronger.
And what of apps? Where a new video game can now cost $20m to develop and market, you can build an app for next to nothing.
4. Cinema distribution is still healthy, but it is different somehow
Statistic: Not only has image and sound capture been dramatized by advances in digital technology like DSLR, but cinema distribution has been affected too. Britain's screens are now fully digitized. A digital screen does not need expensive 35mm film prints. Films can be emailed to a cinema screen’s hard drive and films can be scheduled easily with a click of a mouse. Cinema exhibition has also benefited from 3D technology. Like it or not, screens will be demanding 3D products. In America, it is estimated that there will be an astonishing 25 million homes equipped with 3D TV screens by 2018.
Television networks are struggling to find enough HD content for their HD channels, let alone their new 3D channels like Britain’s Sky 3D.
Add to the mix online platforms like Netflix and Amazon Prime and you have an entirely new distribution outlet.
Approach: Successful filmmakers will learn how to communicate with television and cinema owners to deliver salable content in the format which will deliver maximum revenue.
5. You can’t fund them like you used to
Statistic: The Euro economic malaise has translated into public sector budget cuts, dampening the political appetite for using public money to fund films.
Approach: Filmmaking should be commercially viable with no public funding, and film budgets need to stand the scrutiny of investors seeking cost-effective production, and a reasonable rate of return.
6. Producers struggle to get development funding
Statistic: Development funding is hard to get. Yet without proper development, movies will continue to suffer from weak storylines.
Approach: Until the script is fully developed, a movie should not be made.
7. Film producers need not be involved with social media
Statistic: Social media is here to stay and a strong social media strategy is something that is becoming an essential part of a film’s package.
‘Mystical Activity’ may have cost a mere $15,000 to make. What Supreme bought was not the film, but the social media strategy that the filmmaker Orin Pelli developed around his film.
Approach: The film industry will embrace any filmmaker, writer, director, or producer who has a strong and defined social media strategy.
Conclusion
The independent film industry is full of challenges as summarized in this article. Film studios normally face issues raising money to pay for the production, making unique genre-specific movies using digital technology, incorporating gaming techniques in terms of storytelling and visualization to make movies stronger, assuming multiple roles in a film to reduce costs as much as possible, understanding the audience they are trying to reach, and distributing the final product through different channels. Although these are challenges that can be recognized easily, the solutions seem to be far away whether for the companies themselves or those public sector agencies which support the industry. Unfortunately, the structure and economics of independent film productions are not well suited to build sustainable companies which leads to several serious challenges that threaten to limit filmmakers’ creativity and push the industry even further into the shadows. It is important that the industry focuses on finding solutions to these pressing issues. As viewers, we just enjoy the final product without understanding all the challenges that filmmakers faced behind the scenes. We need to internalize that making a brilliant movie goes above working hard and having luck; it needs love, passion, commitment, and tons of patience, especially if we are talking about independent films.
Steps To Follow When Creating Music And Effects (M&E) For Dubbing
Watch through the whole film being dubbed. This is to help you get the feel of what type of film is being dubbed. Different films will require special attention during the creation of m&e. For example, a comic movie will have different attention to effects compared to horror or trailer. This is why I would advise to watch through before doing anything to get the capture of what is happening.Watch through putting markers on specific points that might need special attention during the creation. This is helpful because it will help you capture everything without leaving a thing out.Arrange your library of effects. Why should you arrange it or put it in order? This is to help you ensure that you have all the effects that you may need during the creation of m&e. If you happen to miss any of it, it is good to download and ensure that your library is full and ready for use.Take your humble time and now start your m&e creation. Always use the best listening devices during the creation of m&e. This is to help you get the feel of your effects on how the sound.
Things To Consider In Creating The Best Music And Effects For Dub
1. Synch
This is a very important thing in the dub. As you saw it was present during recording and now, it is present in making m&e. this now shows you how important synch is in dubbing. M&e for dub should and must be created in synch. What do I mean by this synch in m&e creation? The sound effect of an action should not affect the action we should feel the sound and the action be realistic and happening concurrently. Many dubs sound comes second after-action happened or sound coming before the action happens. This is very wrong and so confusing to the audience and this makes the audience lose the feel of enjoying the film.
Synch is so essential. As you create m&e for a dub, ensure you are very keen to synch the claps, footsteps, door bangs, punches in a fight scene, claps, and many other effects that you may encounter.
2. The Levels
This is another very important thing when making your m&e. check your levels and ensure that your effects are heard and not competing with the ambiance you lay. Levels are very important. As you know loud sound may or it is harmful to your ears. Ensure what you doing with your m&e is healthy to the listener. Ensure your levels are -10db when creating your m&e. These levels too may change depending on the client's demand so be able to change with the clients demand.
3. Songs
Songs in a film of dub you are creating an m&e for should always remain the same unless the client demands a change. If no do not change the song. Changing the song may lead to changing the feel of the entire film. And as you know dub is for entertainment and partly learning. It is so entertaining to watch a song in a different language and dub in a different one as long as the meaning is still maintained. Where no songs in the original ensure what you use is in line with what you have in the film. Be very careful when it comes to choosing the song to use when no song is provided.
4. Ambience
This sets the mood for the film. Ensure your ambiance captures the audience's attention especially where there is some suspense shock or emotion being focused. This is so challenging to capture, but it is the most important thing in m&e.
Challenges Faced During Creating Music And Effects For A Dub
1. Synching the effects
This is a great problem to synch effects especially when two or more events are happening at the same time or very fast. It is so challenging, and this is what carries the m&e part. Synched effects make your m&e good. Always ensure the synch is well.
2. Time
This can be a very great challenge especially when the m&e has timelines to meet. Do not create an m&e with high timelines set for you. Request for enough time in order not to rush creating the m&e.  enough time to create m&e for dub will give you significant result as you will capture all effects needed to be captured in the m&e.
3. Missing Required Effects Online
This is the greatest challenge m&e creators face when making m&e for dub. Missing effects online since some are so challenging getting and synch the effects. This calls for the creativity, of which, at some point it can be very hard to meet the creativity. This is because you might be needed to improvise a lot to meet the required effects needed.


Instruction: WHAT IS MIXING

Response: Mixing is the bending of all the individual tracks in a recording to create a finished version.