Instruction: Why Do You Need A Good Camera Rig

Response:
While it’s possible to shoot great video with just a camera and lens, many filmmakers find they need additional accessories. Most cinema cameras come with an array of mounting options for adding accessories like monitors, external recorders and matte boxes. However, the scope for expanding a DSLR or camcorders is often more limited. The ergonomics of cameras designed primarily for taking still images are not ideal for shooting video. You need a rig.
Best Run-and-gun Rig
Zacuto Indie Recoil Pro V2
The  Zacuto Indie Recoil Pro V2 rig is suitable for all cameras, including mirrorless and DSLRs. It includes a half cage and top handle along with the VCT Pro base plate with a built-in shoulder pad. This rig also features 6-inch iris rods and a wealth of mounting options. The QR Riser adds a quick-release mount for your camera while the Trigger Grip provides easy handle adjustment. The rig is designed for optimal balance when used on a tripod or shoulder-mounted. You will need to add an electronic viewfinder in the latter configuration, however, which does increase the cost considerably
Budget Run-and-gun Rig
Manfrotto SYMPLA Lightweight Shoulder Mounted Rig
With the Manfrotto SYMPLA Lightweight Shoulder Mounted Rig, Manfrotto promises a ready-to-use rig with flexible configuration options. It comes with a pair of 12-inch rods and a pair of 6-inch rods, both using the 15mm standard. Adjustable ball head handles, an H-Offset connector and a camera mount with the quick-release plate are also included. The setup also includes a shoulder pad and a stackable SYMPLA Light Counterweight to provide stability and balance.
Best All-around Rig
Tilta DSLR Shoulder Rig
This basic shoulder rig comes with a baseplate and 15mm rods. Also included is a follow focus system complete with still lens adapter. The kit features a universal handgrip with two handles, an adjustable shoulder pad and a counterweight to help keep the rig balanced. The shoulder pad pivots for added comfort, and the included support bracket and rods give you lots of mounting options.
Budget All-around Rig
Revo SR-1500 Dual Grip Shoulder Support Rig
This stripped-down shoulder rig gives you a solid foundation for expanding your setup down the line. The rig includes two 22-inch 15mm rods, a shoulder pad, and an offset handlebar with two handgrips. It also has a rod clamp with both ¼”-20 and ⅜”16 threaded screws for mounting your camera. You can also mount the rig to a tripod using the threaded screws on the bottom of the shoulder pad.
Best Hybrid/Photo Rig
Tilta ES-T17-A V2
This compact cage setup is perfect for small cameras. Models are available to fit most Sony mirrorless cameras without blocking access to the SD card or battery slots. The form-fitting cage also provides a degree of protection when shooting out in the field. Along with the cage, the rig also includes two 12-inch 15mm rods and removable top handle. It’s the handle that makes this rig ideal for hybrid use since portrait-oriented shooting is more common in photography.
Budget Hybrid/Photo Rig
SmallRig 2096
Like the  Tilta ES-T17-A V2, the  Smallrig is a form-fitting cage for Sony mirrorless cameras. It’s designed specifically for the  Sony a 7 111 and a 7R 111. An abundance of mounting points on this cage allows for mounting lots of additional accessories. Plus, a removable top handle should make it easier to get shots at different angles and orientations.
Factors to Consider When contemplating your first rig
When contemplating your first rig, there’s often a temptation to expand your setup into a behemoth of scaffolding and wires. Nonetheless, it’s important to assess your needs to ensure that your rig enhances your filmmaking. How what and where you’re shooting will determine what you need in a rig. If you’re shooting from a skateboard, you’re going to want something small so as to not restrict your movement. However, if you’re shooting indoors on a tripod, then you can afford to work with a rig that’s more comprehensive.
The beauty of a rig is that it is modular. You can start small then expand to add new features as needed. Most rig systems use the same fittings so you can mix and match between different manufacturers. This makes upgrading simpler and saves money since you can reuse older components.
Rig designWhen planning your rigs, consider the joints of the body and how they affect camera movement and operating fatigue. Most of the fine shake that shows up in hand-held camera shots comes from the wrists. Nonetheless, having your elbows out while operating can help you to get tilted or Dutch angle shots. This does put more strain on your arms, however. The handles on a rig should allow you to keep both elbows pressed into your torso. This will help eliminate unwanted camera movement.WeightThat said, many operators find the added weight of a camera rig can make shooting handheld easier. However, it’s important to ensure that your rig is well balanced. If you’ve ever worked handheld with a larger camera, you’ve probably noticed that the added weight makes it easier to obtain steady shots. Larger shoulder-mounted cameras are designed so that their center of gravity sits over your shoulder.BalanceUnfortunately, the need to see the screen on the back of a DSLR often means that the camera sits forwards on the rig. This increases the weight and strain on the operator’s hands and wrists, leading to fatigue and camera shake. Adding a metal weight or external battery to the back of the rig acts as a counterbalance and will reduce fatigue. This, in turn, will improve stability even though overall the rig is heavier. Before choosing your first rig you should carefully review your camera size and weight as well as your existing camera supportCompatibility with other gear Before choosing your first rig, carefully review your camera’s size and weight as well as your existing camera support. Keep in mind the extra weight a rig will add when considering what your tripod or other support can handle. If you like to run and gun, stick to the basics with your rig. If your shooting style is more pre-planned, more support and a set of accessories will help you along.Mounts and CagesThis is where your rig starts. A mount is simply a platform to which you can attach your camera. Mounts vary in size and some include attachments for rods or rails. A mount that incorporates a quick release plate makes it easier to swap your camera between different set-upsAs well as providing a mount for your camera, cages protect the camera body. They also provide attachment points for accessories. Many cages also have cable clamps to help prevent the monitor or external recorder cables from coming unplugged. Long shoots with DSLRs and mirrorless cameras can require a lot of battery changes. Make sure that your camera’s battery door remains accessible when choosing a cage.Remember, you can attach a mount to most cameras whereas a cage will only fit a specific camera model. If you change cameras in the future, you may need a new cage.Rods and railsOver the years, standards have been developed regarding the way equipment attaches to camera rigs. This has allowed companies to build gear that is cross-compatible. Rails and rods allow equipment to be attached linearly on a rig. Rod systems usually use a 15mm standard for light gear and 19mm for heavier equipment.Rods extending in front of the camera can be used to add matte boxes, follow focus units or supports for larger or heavier lenses. To the back of a rig, rods can be used to add a shoulder pad or mount for an external battery system.The two most commonly seen rails are the ARRI dovetail and NATO rail standards. Rails can be used to attach a range of accessories including top handles, monitor arms and cable clamp brackets.RosettesRosettes allow the attachment of equipment at different angles. They are well-suited for attaching handles to rigs. Rosettes are seen in a number of sizes, but the ARRI rosette is one of the most common.With that in mind, as you shop, be conscious of what each piece of your rig needs to support, how it needs to move and adjust and where it needs to attach to the rest of the rig. If your cage supports 15mm rods and you buy the 19mm version, you’re obviously going to have problems.HandlesAdding a top handle can help you get smooth footage when filming low-level shots and makes your rig easier to transport. However, be careful when adding a top handle to the cold or hot shoe on a DSLR. These are not usually designed to be weight-bearing.A better option for mid to heavy-weight rigs would be to add a handle to the camera cage, rather than to the camera itself. A single vertical handle at the front of a rig is good for short takes, but if you’re shooting or walking for a prolonged period, having a second handle will offer more comfort and control.Shoulder Pads and BracesMoreover, if you’re shooting handheld a lot, you’ll want extra support. As well as spreading the load to reduce fatigue in your arms and wrists, having an additional point of contact with your body will increase the overall stability of your shots.For minimal, lightweight rigs, a brace that rests on the front or top of the shoulder will often suffice, giving support without adding much weight or bulk. On heavier rigs, it’s better to have the extra support of a curved shoulder pad, possibly with the addition of a counterbalance weight to shift the center of gravity backward, especially if the camera is positioned to the front of the rig.ArmsWhile many film-making accessories are designed so that they can be attached to a rig, you need to ensure that your set-up is configured in an optimal way for the project you are filming.Arms allow you to add gear like monitors and lights in a way that allows their position to be adjusted while ensuring that camera body controls are kept clear.MountsMounts range from something as simple as a cold shoe for a microphone to a specialized bracket to attach an external SSD drive for longer recording times.AdaptersEven though rig components are largely designed to be compatible across different manufacturers, there are times when you will find something that doesn’t quite fit, such as 1/4-20 thread screw when your rig only has a spare 3/8-16 hole. Don’t worry – there is an adapter out there to connect it all together. It’s useful to carry a collection of the more common adapters in your kit bag.Lens SupportFor some camera body and lens combinations, you’ll need dedicated support for the weight of the lens. This often becomes a necessity when using cinema or full-frame lenses on small mirrorless camera bodies, as their lens mounts aren’t designed to support such heavy lenses.As a result, the use of large lenses with lens adapters such as the Metabones range can also increase the strain on a camera’s lens mount. There are many options for lens supports that attach via 15 or 19mm rails. Some lenses and adapters even have integrated lens supports that can attach to your rig.Focus ControllersBeing able to control lens functions away from the lens and camera can be a huge help. From cinema-style follow focus to electronic focus and zoom controllers, there are a lot of options around. Follow focus units can be used for zoom or iris control on manual lenses. There are also many inexpensive add-on focus gears for still lenses to adapt them for use with a follow focus if you don’t have cine lenses.Matte Boxes and Lens HoodsMany camcorders and some camera lenses come with lens hoods to help improve the contrast in your image and prevent lens flares. Matte boxes are larger and more configurable than lens hoods and so offer even greater benefits to your image quality. Similarly, most lens hoods attach directly to your lens while matte boxes usually mount to the front rods of your rig.Matte boxes have flags that can be moved and positioned to cut out any unwanted light —think barn doors for your camera lens— and are built to hold large format filters in one or multiple slots. This style of the matte box gives you a lot of functionality and also gives your rig a real cinema look.Some matte boxes are designed with a special bracket that allows them to swing to one side making it easier and quicker to change between lenses.Quick Release PlatesIf you plan to go from tripod to handheld, then a quick release plate on the bottom of the rig is a must. Having the same quick-release on all of your support gear can save you a lot of time.Accessorize, Accessorize, Accessorize!The placement of accessories and equipment on your rig will affect its weight and balance. It’s also important to ensure that the gear you add to your rig is easy to use and doesn’t interfere with another component of the rig. As a result, watch out for microphones and lights attached to your rig being blocked by monitors or matte boxes for example.External batteries are heavy but mounted to the back of the rig, they can take the place of a counterweight and improve the overall balance of the rig.Complete RigsWhen buying your first rig you can start with a simple and inexpensive setup then build onto it to develop and adapt your setup as your needs change and you can afford new gear. There is also a wide range of complete rigs on the market that can be used both handheld and mounted to a tripod.
Parting Advice
Rigs allow you to mount a wide range of accessories and the temptation can be to max out your rig just because you can. But ideally, your rig should include only the extra gear needed for the job you are working on. That way, you can optimize your setup and workflow without extra clutter. Whether you design your own custom set of rig component or buy a complete rig off the shelf, start your search for the perfect rig with a good understanding of the work you’ll be doing and the tools you’ll need to get it done.


Instruction: How Do Translation And Adaptation Differ

Context: Learning resources on media production, voice acting and audio-visual translation, dubbing, subtitling and transcriprion

Response: Translation is simply a literal translation of content from one language to another. Adaptation takes translation one step further and modifies the content to make it culturally appropriate and accurate.


Instruction: What Are The Aspects That Distinguish Adaptation From Translation

Response: When communicating a message to a listener or reader whose mother tongue is not the same as our own, especially when that person does not even understand the language, we must use different ways or methods to get the message across as clearly as possible. While we can use gestures, signs, or noises in order to make ourselves understood, when communicating something written, we must turn to translators. One of the tools used in translation is adaptation. It is used in many cases, as cultural differences between different speakers can cause confusion that can sometimes be tricky to understand or simply prevent us from understanding each other.  Adaptation is not to be confused with Localization, however, which is used when the target audience speaks a different variant of the same language, such as in the case of Latin America. When adapting a message, we are not translating it literally. This does not mean, however, that when adapting a message or idea we are being unfaithful to the original message, or that we are not doing our job well (translating). Simply, there are situations in which it is required. British scholar Peter Newmark defines Adaptation, taken from Vinay and Darbelnet, as, “The use of a recognized equivalent between two situations. It is a process of cultural equivalence: Dear Sir/Muy señor mío; yours faithfully/Le saluda atentamente.” Adaptations, also known as “Free Translations” are when the translator substitutes cultural realities or scenarios for which there is no reference in the target language. A simple example would be translating “Friday 13th” from English into Spanish. In this case, we would need to adapt the translation to the cultural reality of the Spanish-speaking world and translate it as “Martes 13” (Tuesday the 13th). Adaptations are equivalents and can be seen more clearly in the translations of TV shows or movies, where conversations or cultural references must be adapted for foreign audiences.When comparing translation and adaptation, we are comparing two ways of communicating a message. In many cases, it is impossible to translate a text without making an adaptation, as a “literal” translation of the message would cause a loss of all or part of the meaning for the target audience. It is important to know when to adapt a message when an expression might have a more appropriate equivalent for a given situation. This makes us better translation professionals. Increasingly, people are considering the translation of literary works as a form of adaptation and not strictly language translation.I know that when younger people think about translation as a career, they often imagine a specific, slender sliver of the translation services world: Literary translation. They see themselves sitting at an outdoor café, sipping a coffee and taking leisurely, cultured turns bringing a work of literary genius from one language into another – and, of course, being paid handsomely for the work. I’m not saying those opportunities don’t exist, but they are certainly rare, and the funny thing is most of the people daydreaming about them don’t think too hard about the deeper implications of that sort of translation work.Specifically, is it even translation? Or is it actually a form of adaptation? I have even heard the term “trandaption” tossed about in all seriousness. Many academics these days resist the idea that any literary work can be brought from one language to another in any pure sense, that the very act of bringing it across linguistic and cultural barriers results in inevitable changes to the work that can only be described as an adaptation, similar to when a novel is adapted into a screenplay or a stage play brought to the television screen.


Instruction: What are The Characteristics of Adaptation in  Literary Translation

Response: TransformativeAfter all, the adaptations we tend to think about – say, taking a novel and making a screenplay from it – are usually faithful to the source material, but also transformative. After all, while you want to keep the tone, the plot, and the characters, if you literally bring every moment from a novel to the screen you would end up with a sixteen-hour film, in some cases. So adaptation involves judiciously making creative decisions about the new version of the work. But is this any different than translation work? You’re still making creative decisions about the new version. You’re choosing vocabulary and grammatical structures that the original author might not make if they were fluent in the target language, and one could argue that even if they were and the translation was being performed by the author it’s still an adaptation, as the same creative decisions have to be made. Not LiteralIn fact, the only way a translation project might be considered not an adaptation would be if it was a Literal word for word translation somehow, which would, in turn, require a language pair that is very compatible in terms of grammar and sentence structures. Even assuming such a pairing is possible, it’s hard to imagine you wouldn’t encounter a single instance where you’d have to make a creative vocabulary or sentence structure choice, thus transforming the work and entering into the world of adaptation.Of course, this is largely an intellectual concern – the actual work isn’t affected by how you regard it. However, the way the work is judged by clients and others might be, so it’s worth exploring the ramifications regarding translation as adaptation, if only so you have something intelligent to say when a client asks you about it.


Instruction: What Are The Steps  In The Process Of Implementation of Adaptation

Response:
Forward translation
One translator, preferably a health professional, familiar with the terminology of the area covered by the instrument and with interview skills should be given this task. The translator should be knowledgeable of the English-speaking culture but his/her mother tongue should be the primary language of the target culture.  Instructions should be given in the approach to translating, emphasizing conceptual rather than literal translations, as well as the need to use natural and acceptable language for the broadest audience. The following general guidelines should be considered in this process: Translators should always aim at the conceptual equivalent of a word or phrase, not a word-for-word translation, i.e. not a literal translation. They should consider the definition of the original term and attempt to translate it in the most relevant way.Translators should strive to be simple, clear and concise in formulating a question. Fewer words are better. Long sentences with many clauses should be avoided.The target language should aim for the most common audience. Translators should avoid addressing professional audiences such as those in medicine or any other professional group. They should consider the typical respondent for the instrument being translated and what the respondent will understand when s/he hears the question.Translators should avoid the use of any jargon. For example, they should not use:technical terms that cannot be understood clearly; andColloquialism, idioms or vernacular terms that cannot be understood by common people in everyday life.Translators should consider issues of gender and age applicability and avoid any terms that might be considered offensive to the target population.
Expert panel Back-translation
A bilingual (in English and the target language for translation) expert panel should be convened by a designated editor-in-chief. The goal in this step is to identify and resolve the inadequate expressions/concepts of the translation, as well as any discrepancies between the forward translation and the existing or comparable previous versions of the questions if any. The expert panel may question some words or expressions and suggest alternatives. Experts should be given any materials that can help them to be consistent with previous translations. Principal investigators and/or project collaborators will be responsible for providing such materials. The number of experts in the panel may vary. In general, the panel should include the original translator, experts in health, as well as experts with experience in instrument development and translation. The result of this process will produce a complete translated version of the questionnaire.
Back-translation
Using the same approach as that outlined in the first step, the instrument will then be translated back to English by an independent translator, whose mother tongue is English and who has no knowledge of the questionnaire. Back-translation will be limited to selected items that will be identified in two ways. The first will be items selected by the WHO based on those terms/concepts that are key to the instrument or those that are suspected to be particularly sensitive to translation problems across cultures. These items will be distributed when the English version of the instrument is distributed. The second will consist of other items that are added on as participating countries identify words or phrases that are problematic. These additional items must be submitted to the WHO for review and approval.As in the initial translation, emphasis on the back-translation should be on conceptual and cultural equivalence and not linguistic equivalence. Discrepancies should be discussed with the editor-in-chief and further work (forward translations, discussion by the bilingual expert panel, etc.) should be iterated as many times as needed until a satisfactory version is reached.
Pre-testing and cognitive interviewing
It is necessary to pre-test the instrument on the target population. Each module or section will be fully tested using the methodologies outlined below. Pre-test respondents should include individuals representative of those who will be administered the questionnaire. For this study, dependent opioid users should be used to test the translated instruments, although such users could be drawn from sources other than those used to recruit study participants – preferably persons who would not otherwise be eligible for the main study.Pre-test respondents should number 10 minimum for each section. They should represent males and females from all age groups (18 years of age and older) and different socioeconomic groups.Pre-test respondents should be administered the instrument and be systematically debriefed. This debriefing should ask respondents what they thought the question was asking, whether they could repeat the question in their own words, what came to their mind when they heard a particular phrase or term. It should also ask them to explain how they choose their answer. These questions should be repeated for each item.The answers to these questions should be compared to the respondent’s actual responses to the instrument for consistency.Respondents should also be asked about any word they did not understand as well as any word or expression that they found unacceptable or offensive.Finally, when alternative words or expressions exist for one item or expression, the pre-test respondent should be asked to choose which of the alternatives conforms better to their usual language.This information is best accomplished by in-depth personal interviews although the organization of a focus group may be an alternative.It is very important that these interviews be conducted by an experienced interviewer.
Documentation
The final version of the instrument in the target language should be the result of all the iterations described above. It is important that a serial number (e.g. 1.0) be given to each version. Instructions for providing the electronic version of the final translated instrument to WHO will be provided. All the cultural adaptation procedures should be traceable through the appropriate documents. These include, at the least:initial forward version;a summary of recommendations by the expert panel;the back-translation;a summary of problems found during the pre-testing of the instrument and the modifications proposed; andThe final version.It is also necessary to describe the samples used in this process (i.e. the composition of the expert panel and the pre-test respondent samples). For the latter, the number of individuals, as well as their basic characteristics, should be described, as appropriate.


Instruction: What Are Translation Techniques

Response: Translation techniques are used when structural and conceptual elements of the source language can be transposed into the target language: Borrowing: taking words straight into another language, also known as 'transfer'


Instruction: Why Do We Need To Employ Different Translation Techniques

Response: Translation techniques enable effective communication between people around the world. It is a courier for the transmission of knowledge, a protector of cultural heritage, and essential to the development of a global economy. Highly skilled translators are keys help practitioners develop those skills.When a professional translator sits down to work, he or she does not stop and think about the strategies to be employed for particular translation work. It comes spontaneously. But ask a translator to make a list of the translation techniques they use and they might be hard-pressed to describe these to an outsider. Nevertheless, I will pinpoint these techniques to help readers interested in translation to learn more about the many nuances of this interesting work that well deserves public awareness and attention.A translator considers many elements before the actual translation is done. There could be discrepancies in vocabulary and grammar in both languages that means literal translation is not possible. That is why these translation techniques are used to come up with an accurate translation.Broadly, there are two main translation types: direct and oblique, with sub-types under each one. It should be noted that translation techniques are different from translation methods. Translation methods are applied to the entire document. Translation technique, on the other hand, can vary within the same document, based on the particular verbal elements that require translation.


Instruction: What Are The Different Translation Techniques

Response:
Direct Translation Techniques
Direct translation techniques are utilized when the conceptual and structural elements of the source language (SL) are directly transferable into the target language (TL). The techniques used for direct translation are borrowing, calque and literal translation.In borrowing, the words are taken directly from the source language into the target language without any translation, such as funk, technology, abattoir, passé, café, résumé, hamburger and bandana. Often, these words are italicized to indicate that they are foreign words. Also known as loan translation, it means a phrase that is borrowed from another language and literally translated, such as “superman” and “beer garden” from the German words and. The German “standpunkt” becomes “standpoint” in English. Calques can be seen often in international and specialized fields, such as “quality assurance” or “aseguramiento de calidad” in Spanish. The meanings of some calques are not that clear to other people, especially when they relate to law, science and other vocations. Often the translator will be creating coined words in the target language by adopting the source language’s structure, as in “handball” (English) becoming “balonmano” in Spanish. “Rascacielos” (Spanish) and “gratte-ciel” (French) means skyscraper in English.Literal translation. Word-for-word or literal translation (metaphrase) is applicable to some languages but not for others due to the difference in the structure of the sentences. For example, in the English sentence, “The team is working to finish the report,” the literal translation in Spanish is “El equipo está trabajando para terminar el informe.” But this sentence cannot be literally translated into German or French because of the differences in sentence structure. It is normally applied only to languages that are very close to each other culturally and is only acceptable if the same syntax, style, and meaning are maintained in the translated text.
Oblique Translation Techniques
When the conceptual or structural elements of the source language cannot be directly translated into the target language without changing its stylistic and grammatical elements and the meaning, oblique translation techniques are used. Here, the translator exerts tighter and stricter control over their translation. This category has five types:
In modulation, a phrase that is not the same as the SL and TL is used to impart the same idea. The Spanish phrase, “te lo dejo” literally translates to “I’ll leave it to you.” However, it sounds better when translated as “you can have it.” It changes the meaning and switches the source language’s point of view. Modulation can also be used without changing the meaning and putting an awkwardness in the target language. It is also possible to employ modulation in the same language. In this example, “es fácil de entender” and “no es complicado de entender” mean “it is easy to understand” and “it is not complicated to understand,” respectively. The former indicates that something is not difficult to comprehend, whereas, in the latter, the meaning goes deeper by saying that something was previously thought of as difficult, but turns out to be not a complicated thing to understand.This is when the sequence of some parts of the speech changes, for example, “yellow ball” in English becomes “balle jaune” in French. This is because grammatical structures could be different in some languages, e.g., “Er schwimmt gern” in German is “he likes swimming” in English. Transposition is also employed often when translating English into Spanish and vice versa because of verb positioning. In Spanish, the verb is positioned near the end of the sentence while in English, the verb is quite close to the beginning, thus the translator must know that a word category can be replaced in the TL without changing the SL’s meaning.Equivalence or reformulation. When translating advertising slogans, interjections, proverbs, names of institutions, and idioms, oftentimes the expression must be translated in an entirely different manner. In this case, equivalence or reformulation is used. This process is a bit difficult and creativity is essential. For example, it is easy for Americans and other English speakers to understand the saying “don’t put all your eggs in one basket.” However, directly translating this phrase might not have the same meaning in other languages, thus substituting it with the phrase; “keep your options open” makes it easier to understand in more languages.Generally speaking, compensation applies to terms that cannot be translated yet their nuances are expressed somewhere else within the text. In English, there is only the pronoun “you,” for example, whereas there are informal and formal versions in French (tu and vous), in German (du and sie) and in Spanish (tú and usted). The degree of formality is expressed in several ways, which is not present in English. When using compensation, the translator exercises discretion and some freedom in replacing elements that are inherent in the source language with items that are native to the target language. A translator who uses compensation techniques must have a deeper knowledge of the source and target languages, as well as the ability to have a higher level of understanding that goes beyond literal translation. This is used when a term or phrase that is specific to culture is translated in a completely different manner so that it becomes appropriate or familiar to another culture’s language. In adaptation, the cultural reference to a situation is changed if this is not existent in the target culture, like substituting Belgian jokes with Irish jokes when translating from French to English. It is quite commonly used in the translation of movie titles and books as well as in pop culture.
Conclusion
Have you ever tried to use an online translator and did not understand the resultant translation? If this has happened to you, you will understand the difficult task of coming up with a fully comprehensible and accurate translation in the language that you understand and the fact that human translators are needed to produce quality translations.Professional translators employ many elements, skills, knowledge, and techniques that are available and required in their profession. One of the main things is the deep understanding of the source and target languages. Many of the techniques discussed here will be applied in different parts of the document. Literal translation may still need a bit of tweaking to make it sound better in the translated language; verbs may be repositioned and idioms may have to be changed or replaced to fit the culture of the reader. Translators are very sensitive to cultural issues and exercise sound judgment to change phrases, terms, and sentences that might be offensive to other cultures.When you require accurate translation, do not rely on machines, as they are not capable of producing accurate translations. Translation work is a combination of many elements. The work process is difficult and long and must conform to various rules, which are indigenous to most languages. For example, English to Spanish translation might not need a lot of changes to be implemented although it cannot be said that it is still easy, consider translation from English to Arabic, English to Hindi, English to Afrikaans or English to Chinese and vice versa. Being a good translator is not an inherent skill; it requires long periods of study and on-the-job experience.


Instruction: Do You Want To Start A Media Production Company

Response: In this ever growing world of advancing technology and communication platforms, businesses have to constantly evolve to reach new customers and stay relevant for growth. This includes developing media pipelines such as video, audio and broadcast to promote a brand and reach new potential customers.


Instruction: What is media

Response:
The term media refers to a vast platform of communication telling a story that is produced for an end target audience. This includes platforms such as radio, film, TV, corporate, promotion, print, and web based material. The end platform can be social media, broadcast, web, presentation or offline media.
A media production company is solely responsible for providing services for producing a project from its initial creative concept to its completion for the end consumer. The production team guides the client starting with the initial concept, story-boarding, scheduling, talent casting, and project management for the final product. They supervise every production aspect and keep the project on track. This is considered a full service production company or a “one stop shop”. Media production companies exist to get a project fulfilled from start to finish and ensure the end client is satisfied for advancing a brand or product.
Foundation for a Successful Production
Successful media production companies focus on an end product that will engage the target audience, driving new business for the end client. To connect a brand or business to a target audience is the final goal and takes an experienced team. An initial project development meeting is held with the end client and the creative director of the media production company. This ensures that all the details of a project will be organized, reviewed and brainstormed for the the project starts.Media production companies succeed by hiring experienced and talented staff in the field to fulfill a project. Recruiting experienced producers and directors, with a proven long term track record is critical to overall success for a captivating project. Some media production houses also have marketing teams to strategize for rolling out the final production. For example, the media production company may have vendors for placing commercials on TV networks and can help with the setup seamlessly.
A Media Company Should Evolve with Trends and Technology
Technology is constantly advancing now more than ever. This contributes to digital production gear and platforms constantly advancing. What may have been the trend in production last year may be outdated now.  Production houses must stay up to date and provide clients with the most cutting edge production to stay competitive. This includes knowing what is the newest trends in media technology and consumer trends.  Producers and studios need constantly stay updated on production equipment, the new digital platforms and the upcoming trends the consumer will use in the future. Being future proof and anticipating the next trend in media is what keeps a production house competitive and growing. A production studio that does not evolve or adjust to the industry slowly becomes irrelevant and dies.
10 Things to Know About Starting a Production Company
Starting a production company isn’t easy. Here’s what you need to know to get started successfully.
Have an Idea of What You Want to DoThis can be the hardest step in the entire process – but it doesn’t have to be. You should know going into all of this what you want to do, whether that be films, commercial, industrial, etc. If you don’t? Now is the time to figure it out. It’s also beneficial to write out your short term and long term goals. Identify your strengths and see how you can build your company around them. Just be sure to have all of this in place before you begin the process of developing your company. Research What Others Have Done Well and Not so WellNow that you know what you want to do, you’ll need to do a lot of research. This is key. If you are doing commercial or industrial work, then you need to research your local area and gauge who else is doing this same type of work. Use a site like production Hub to help aid in your research. Pay attention to the services and fees that other companies provide and charge. If you can find this information, then you can find ways to compete in the market.If you’re going into film, then you need to really research areas of the industry that fit your talents. You may be an incredibly skilled artist and could offer pre-visualization services. Maybe you’re great at promotions and could offer film marketing. Look at other successful production companies in your field and read how they got started. Use this information as a road map.Be Creative with Your NameCreating the name for your production company is key; this will eventually become your brand. So make it good and make it something relevance to you. Make sure your company stands out.Research and Make sure everything is LegalOnce you have your name hammered out, you need to begin looking ahead. One thing you need to be aware of is that you’re eventually going to want to trademark the name. Now this doesn’t sound like a big deal, but it is. For example, years ago I applied for a trademark for my production company. However, another company had a name close to what I had created. They were also using the same classification code I was applying for. Because of this, I was not awarded the trademark and had to start all over.Be very creative with your name and then check that name against the USPTO trademark database. Scour the internet for already established companies. You’ll eventually want to contact an attorney who works with trademark law. They can do a comprehensive search and help you file for your trademark. Decide What Type of Company you’ll beWe know what you want to do with your company. We know the name. But now what type of company are you going to be? Confused? Its okay, I was too when the question was posed to me. You want to decide early on if you need to be a DBA, LLC, C-Corp, S-Corp, etc.This decision is going to affect the cost of filing to do business. It will also affect your tax filings as well. Check out this information from the Small Business Administration.Find a Certified Public AccountantNow that you have your name and your structure, you’ll need to find someone to help you navigate the world of accounting for your business. This is not something you want to do yourself. Hire a Certified Public Accountant. A good CPA will not only help you figure out what will be required of you when tax season comes around, but they can help you set a realistic strategy for your business as well.With all of this said, don’t just pick the first CPA that you find. Go in and sit with them and talk with them. Find out if they are the right fit for you. Research them online and look for reviews from others who have used their services. You’re going to be working very closely with your CPA, so find the one that is right for you and your company.Try using the CPA Directory to get started, or just Google CPAs in your area.Create Your Business PlanEvery business needs a plan. A production company is no different. This is the time when you want to take the short and long term goals you set for yourself and turn them into a business plan. Get really detailed and try to map out your path for the next three to five years. Give the description of your production company, what area of the industry it will focus on, and who will be running it.Also, include all of the research and market analysis you did in the beginning that helped you determine what type of Production Company you’ll be. A business plan is a must have for any business and it’s a great way to gauge your progress and keep that progress on track.Consult an AttorneyOnce you get rolling and want to take it to the next level, you’re going to need representation. While this shouldn’t be one of the last things you do, it usually is the costliest, so it tends to get put off for as long as possible. Don’t wait too long to consult with and find an attorney to represent you; at some point you are going to need them. Better to have them in place early than too late.Just like the CPA and Trademark Lawyer, take your time meeting and researching attorneys. You want someone who is going to work hard for you. One way to find a good corporate or company attorney is to talk to people you know in the industry. Gauge their recommendations and then go from there.Secure Start-up CapitalNext to creating the name of your company, the hardest thing to do is to secure start-up capital for your company. If you’re working in commercial and industrial, you’ll need a certain level of equipment — which means you’ll need money. I’ve never been a fan of taking out loans, but I’ve seen some people do this and capitalize on it to start a really successful business.For film production companies, there are all sorts of venture capitalists out there looking for ways to expand their portfolio. One of the good things about being in film is that pre-production is usually going to be the cheapest part of the process. With that said, you might be able to float this part of the project and get something together that can impress potential investors. Just be sure to have a well-developed presentation before you go into these meetings. If you can show that you have the skill and development to pull this off, then you should be able to secure some sort of funding for your film.Get Out There and Spread Your NameThe biggest part about our business and this industry is networking. You really can’t ever talk too much about your project and your production company. But in order to maximize your visibility, make sure you have a presence online. Start with a website for your company, then start looking at social media like Face book and Twitter.
Definition Of Multimedia Translation
Multimedia translation, also sometimes referred to as audiovisual translation, is a specialized branch of translation which deals with the transfer of multimodal and multimedia texts into another language and/or culture.
This implies the use of a multimedia electronic system in the translation or in the transmission process.
Overview Of Multimedia Translation
Multimedia translation can be applied to various fields, including cinema, television, theater, advertisement, audiovisual and mobile device communication.Audiovisual text can be labeled as multi-modal when produced and interpreted by applying a variety of semiotic resources or ‘modes’.  When various modes, such as language, image, music, color, and perspective are combined together in different forms of media, with the major role attributed to the screen, audiovisual text can be described as multimediaAn example of this, called multi-modal transcription, is used in cinema. A film is broken down into frames, shots or phases. Every frame shot or phase is analyzed, looking for all the semiotic modalities operating within each one.The translation of multimedia creative works is a subject of academic research, a subtopic of translation studies. This interdisciplinary field draws from a wide range of theories, such as globalization and post-globalization theories, reception studies, relevance theory, social science and cultural studies, social psychology and deaf studies.


Instruction: What Are The Modes of Multimedia Translation

Response:
This kind of translation is strongly influenced, both in the form and in the substance of its creative process, by the process and type of device employed. Specific limits are imposed by digital graphics, and by timing and mode of use.
Dubbing
Dubbing, sometimes known as "lip-synchrony"", involves the translation and its Synchronization as well as dubbing the actors' and actresses' performance. Once considered the most comprehensive form of translation, dubbing follows the "timing, phrasing and lip movement of the original dialogue" as closely as possible. Although this mode is usually Interlingua, there are some cases of intralingual dubbing, but it is not very common.
Subtitling
The most extensively studied model of multimedia translation, subtitling is the linguistic practice showing written text on a screen that conveys "a target language version of the source speech. Consisting of many sub-types, the one most commonly used is interlinguistic subtitling, which is usually displayed in open captions. In places where several languages are spoken,
Globalization and the Media
Over the years, with the introduction of the internet and increased globalization, many organizations have expanded their operations to multiple countries worldwide. This move has presented many challenges to companies that have ventured into regions where people have a different culture and speak languages other than their company’s host country. In many countries, language barriers and cultural differences exist not only with potential customers but also internally within the organization itself. This has elevated the need for multimedia translations across organizations.For example in the U.S., there are many non-English speakers’. Many of them do not fully understand and comprehend English and their cultures are different. As a result, companies have realized that reaching out to more consumers both domestically and overseas requires effective communication. In order to tackle this issue, many firms have turned to professional translation and localization services. They proved their value time after time.Globalization has been pegged as a major contributor to the growth of the translation industry. This is due to the almost immediate benefits that companies receive along with a healthy return on investment (ROI). Many companies have realized the need for translation especially when it comes to multimedia content.
The need for a professional multimedia Translation
The use of multimedia has been highly embraced by high-tech company executives since its introduction to the world in the 1990s. The use of audio and video has also become a valuable part of corporate communications and training material. They have helped to improve both the input and output of organizations including medical companies. As much as the use of multimedia has proved to be a strong communication medium, it is not fully effective alone. Professional multimedia translation and localization service help to bridge the gap between audiences. They do that by boosting the communication efforts of the organizations.Multimedia translation is beneficial because it makes it possible to communicate effectively with the target market, which promotes market penetration. Localization also ensures that the needs of the target market are taken into account. Additionally, it ensures that the messages conveyed suit them efficiently. In the case of international markets, most of the consumers will most likely buy products from companies or sellers that provide information in their language. Multimedia translation in health care helps to satisfy the need for the provision of information in the language of the stakeholders.


Instruction: What Are The Applications Of Multimedia Translation

Response:
Multimedia and Healthcare
Multimedia focuses on the integration of different media, such as images, sound, text, and video. In healthcare, communication through the use of multimedia is vital. It is because it can improve the lives of people and it fosters wellness. Translating multimedia content is not the same as regular projects. It is more complex, which is why we recommend you choose the best translation agency to offer the services. The healthcare industry stands to benefit from medical translation services in relation to multimedia. For example, nurses can learn how to incorporate procedures for individual practice. They can also study how to make better judgments based on the instruction
Enhancing understanding among cultures
Translation is becoming a more and more important tool for enhancing understanding between cultures.” His assertion fully supports that it plays a key role in fostering communication. Professional multimedia translation agencies help clients to translate multimedia content for the employees as well as the consumers. They also ensure that projects are up to date with the latest trends in multimedia localization. Some of the multimedia translation and localization services offered focus on voice-overs, subtitling, lip-syncing, and dubbing. All companies whether big or small should opt for multimedia translation services because they can significantly benefit from them. Therefore, picking the best Multimedia translation agency is advisable and worth the investment.
Multimedia for Business Marketing
Multimedia, such as mobile marketing, live casting, and podcasting, photo, video and file sharing, can spread the word about your company and help build brand awareness in a very unique and powerful way. This particular type of social media also has the ability to go viral quickly. Hottrix, the Las Vegas, Nevada-based iPhone app creator, became one example of a breakthrough success story when their iBeer app, which simulates chugging a mug of beer on the iPhone, became one of the most-downloaded apps in 2008, and again in 2009.However, your company's chances of going viral are left more to fate than skill, but that's no reason to discount the importance of multimedia for your business. The ability of these technologies to facilitate communication between your small business and employees, your customers and potential customers, is tremendous, says Keith Nissen, principal analyst at the Scottsdale, Arizona-based market intelligence firm, In-Stat. When you think about multimedia platforms and what that's all about, it's about being able to communicate mass marketing messages to the device of choice on-demand,"" says Nissen. "I think what's more interesting is how these tools can be used in conjunction with other multimedia tools to support the business, the marketing, the sales and promotion of their products and services. To me, that, for a small business, is probably more important than internal communication."" How to Use Multimedia for Business Marketing: Sharing Photos with Your Online Community. Several online communities exist for the purpose of uploading and sharing photos over the Web, and many small businesses have learned to take advantage of these services to market their products. Here are the most common photo sharing marketing strategies.Offer real-time incentives. Twitter's Tweet photo will automatically enable you to publish photos to your Twitter and Face book accounts for free via mobile and Web platforms. Who needs 140 characters to describe your business when a picture is worth 1,000 words? Tweet pictures of discounted and new items or offer exclusive incentives.Join like-minded communities. At no cost, Yahoo!-operated Flickr provides a useful platform for photo management and sharing. Drive traffic to your website. This shows that Pink Cake Box, a gourmet cake shop located in Denville, New Jersey, began using Flickr in 2006 to build brand identity. Co-owner Jesse Heap says that Pink Cake Box's website receives about 300,000 unique users each month, and roughly 10 percent of those visitors are from Flickr, where the company posts photos of interesting or extreme cakes.
Multimedia translation, also sometimes referred to as audiovisual translation, is a specialized branch of translation which deals with the transfer of multimodal and multimedia texts into another language and/or culture
- Multimedia and Healthcare - Enhancing understanding among cultures - Multimedia for Business Marketing
Other posts
A Brief Synopsis On Dubbing
When was the last time you had a long conversation with someone about dubbing?I’m talking about real dubbing, the process of providing films, video games, or other types of media with audio that’s different than the original language.Dubbing is a post-production process where the original language of recording is swapped with audio in a different language and is then mixed with the audio of the media to make it sound as natural as possible. It gets more complicated than that, but in a nutshell, that’s what dubbing is.Though not very common for Americans to hear in films, dubbed content is common in many other countries. For example, the majority of the world did not experience Avengers: Endgame this past spring in English; through the magic of dubbed content, allowed non-English speakers to get the full experience. Or us English-speakers, however, dubbing is still occasionally seen.  “Dark”, arguably Netflix’s hottest show at the moment, was originally recorded in German.Though there are some English subtitles for those who wish to experience the original performance (which we’ll also cover later on), the majority of people watch this show as a dubbed film. Even though it might seem rare, a huge portion of Americans who watch the show experienced it with English dubbing.


Instruction: Dubbing vs. Subtitles vs. Voice-overs: What’s the Difference

Response:
This is where it can get a little confusing. If you’re reading this and aren’t super sure what the difference is, we get it. On the surface, it can almost sound like voice-overs and dubbing are just different words for the same thing. They aren’t, and it helps to understand the differences.
The best way we can communicate the difference is that dubbing is much more immersive than a voice-over. A voice-over generally tends to be narrative by nature, it does not capture the original tones of the actors, and also does not sync up with the movements and mouths of the original characters.
A voice-over communicates the message, but usually not the emotion. Dubbing, however, replaces the original audio as accurately as possible in order to create an immersive experience. This process is sometimes also called Language Replacement. For movies, video games, and TV shows, this can be the best option for creating natural-sounding content, if available. But then again, not every pro can give you natural, so chose wisely.
Subtitling vs. Dubbing
Although there is certainly some confusion between voice-overs and dubbing, subtitling couldn’t be more different.
Subtitling is the process of translating the audio into the target language and then having that translated text appear as subtitles on the bottom of the screen. If you’re a true movie purist and you’re watching a movie in another language, you’ll likely opt to watch the subtitled version rather than the dubbed version, and we don’t blame you.There’s something that simply doesn’t add up when lips & audio don’t seem to match. Subtitles allow the viewer to understand the foreign language, while at the same time preserving the original vocal intonations and performances of the actual actors rather than some voice actors recorded in a studio.Whereas dubbing changes the original audio and voice, subtitling simply allows for the understanding the message without compromising the original audio. That’s not to say that dubbing doesn’t come in handy, though!If the dubbing voice actors are talented, it is often much easier to watch a movie or play a video game without having to read each and every subtitle.But this can be tricky to get.
Dubbing in Different Media
Dubbing shows up all the time in our video games, movies, and music. Sometimes, more often than you’d expect. Here is when you quickly realize there are more uses for dubbing than you may think at first, especially in our globalized world. People want organic, they want natural, they want a message to be effectively and seamlessly sent across the globe. This means that subtitling is good, voice-overs are better, but dubbing is the crème of the crop.
Dubbing in Films and Movies
When we think of dubbed movies, the first thing that usually comes to mind is the idea of Language Replacement. However, in film language, things can get a bit more specific. The term dubbing actually refers to the process in which filmmakers and editors take additional audio recordings and then, mix them into the original soundtrack to create the final, polished soundtrack that you hear in the movie. A bit different, but overall, the same intention.
Dubbing in Music
Just like with films, dubbing means something different altogether in the whimsical terminology of music. In music, this process is when you transfer or duplicate a song. The song in question can be transferred to a different medium or the same one, but the point is that the song is copied over.
Dubbing in Video Games
Though dubbing in music and films takes on a very different meaning than it does normally, video games break the mold. In video games, it works pretty similarly as we’ve explained above: you replace part of the original language with voice actors in a new language.There is a lot of discussion over whether subtitling or dubbing (also known as the “subs vs dubs” debate) is the best choice for video games, and you can find raging fan bases that will back up whichever position.
How Dubbing Works
Before we get into technicalities, it’s critical to know that there are a few different methods that are used to dub content. Ranging from Looping to ADR to voiceovers, it can get confusing pretty quickly. Fortunately, we’re here to help you understand the different techniques used for all kinds of dubbed media and what they aim to do.


Instruction: What Are the Different Kinds of Dubbing

Response:
Not all dubbing is created equal. Here are the main differences between them.
Voice-overWe’ve talked about the differences between voice-overs and what is typically considered dubbing, but technically speaking, voice-overs are a type of dubbed work.You’ll generally see these in interviews or non-narrative media. Since the voice-over primarily exists to communicate the overall message, and not necessarily to immerse or to create an illusion that the speaker is actually saying the dubbed words. Looping or ADRGenerally conserved for extremely expensive feature films, looping, also known as ADR looping, is likely the most difficult and time-consuming method of dubbing.For ADR, you’ll need Automatic Dialogue Replacement (ADR) equipment, and it can get pretty expensive. But through looping, (the process of essentially looping short phrases of narration at a time and syncing it perfectly), will result in the best-finished product according to many filmmakers.Lock-to-Picture Recording This is a more affordable alternative to ADR, and the process is also slightly different. Basically, professional voice actors watch the film or media and try to translate and replicate the original performance as best as possible. This means that instead of expensive equipment, you rely on talented professionals. Making this a very effective method of creating dubbed media. LectoringSimilar to some of the other dubbing techniques, lectoring is when the original audio volume is lowered while the voice-over recording is played louder.You might have seen this, especially when covering international news cycles. The recording is then synced to make sure that it matches the duration of the original audio, and voilá!
The Dubbing Process
Script translation First, your script will need to be accurately translated to prepare for dubbing. This should, of course, be done by a pro. Voice castingThen, you will need to cast voice actors to complete the dubbing process. Keep in mind that choosing the right voice actors is crucial to making sure your content is as high-quality and as natural as possible.Aim to get experienced voice actors, with positive ratings or quality control assurance as this can be tricky. Voice actor recording Once the script has been translated and the voice actors cast, the recording process must start. This process can be different depending on which dubbing technique you decide to use. But overall, a recording must be done. Dialogue mixingHere is when the editing gurus must jump in. It’s time to start mixing the dialogue in order to help it fit seamlessly with the content. The less apparent, the better. Release Once all these steps are completed, you’ll be ready to release your dubbed project – congratulations! The release can have its own technicalities and implementations, but this will differ from project to project and medium to medium. And you’re done!


Instruction: Which Should I Choose

Response:
From subtitling to dubbing, ADR to lectoring, and video games to films, it can all be overwhelming at first, we know. That said, it’s worth taking the time to decide what will be the best fit for your project. A large part of deciding which route to take will depend on your budget and time constraints; it’s great to get these defined before you start exploring your potential options.
Recommendations
If you are interested in immersion and have a low budget, subtitling may be the way to go.On the flip side, projects with more of a focus on ease of understanding and fluid use could be better suited for proper dubbing.Whichever route you choose, you can never go wrong with transforming your content to different languages or styles depending on your market and their needs. You’ll expand your audience, and get your content out to entirely different groups of people.Remember, communication is in the middle of it all. And your ultimate goal is to get your message across.